Osteoarthritis may produce the following symptoms: • Pain and stiffness in the affected joint/s • Swelling, warmth, and creaking of the affected joint/s • Loss of flexibility

Osteoarthritis can be diagnosed after interviewing and examining an individual; in more complicated cases, imaging studies like an X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may offer additional information to help manage the individual’s condition. There is currently no cure to either stop cartilage degeneration or to repair damaged cartilage. However, individuals with the disease can undergo various treatments to help relieve pain and to manage any resulting disability. Initial treatments are nonsurgical, including: • Lifestyle modifications (minimizing high-impact activities and losing weight) • Physical therapy • Assistive devices, like a cane or braces • Pain medications like paracetamol and ibuprofen If a person doesn’t respond to the above treatments, and develops significant disability, he/she may be advised to undergo surgery (like joint replacement) depending on his/her condition.

The following interventions may help prevent osteoarthritis: • Weight loss in individuals who are overweight or obese • Exercise, especially those that strengthen the quadriceps (to prevent knee osteoarthritis) • Proper training to avoid injuries when exercising or playing sports • Eating certain foods which are rich in Vitamin D (like fatty fish and eggs), and Omega-3 fatty acids (like fish oil and walnuts) • Controlling other medical conditions like diabetes mellitus